# Random Walks¶

There exists several simple models of random walks. It can be either fixed stepsize but random directions or varying stepsize.

## Fixed Stepsize¶

A simple model is that we assume each step is a step of size , but with random directions. The position of this random walker at step is the summation of all the steps (vectors),

where is the vector that represents step i.

What we want to find out is the places that the random walker explored after steps. The corresponding quantity that represents it is .

From the idea of random walk, we know that

Thus

Then we find out that

(1)

## Significance of Dimension¶

From the root-mean-squared distance Eq. (1) we can define the density of points. Suppose we have a continues version of this random walk. After time , the random walker walked a distance . Meanwhile the random walker explored a region of radius , which corresponds to a volume . The density of walked points is defined as

where is the dimension of the space.

We spot this critical dimension .

1. : the density of points at becomes . This called recurrent behavior. We are sure that after infinite time, we are going back to a point that we visited before.
2. : the density of points at becomes . This derivation is wrong about this critical case. It should be
3. : the density of points at becomes . This is called transit behavior. We are not sure that we could go back to a point that we visited before.

## Refs & Notes¶

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